News

‘Segregated’ is my Word of the Year for 2024

The hype around word of the year seems to start earlier each time. After the shortlist, public voting and the big reveal, 2023 has produced ‘rizz’ ‘authentic’ and ‘halluc... read more

The Plastics Treaty is all at sea

The UN Plastics treaty, which aims to tackle the scourge of plastic pollution, has not made progress in 2023. In the last week of the year, the new negotiating draft was published, comprising an overw... read more

A mixed bag of news for plastic packaging

Plastic’s sustainability credentials received a boost recently, with the launch of what is claimed to be the UK’s first refillable plastic milk bottle developed by Abel & Cole. The bot... read more

Sustainable aviation fuel is in for a bumpy flight

Decarbonising air travel using sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) has been rising up the news agenda on both sides of the globe. In 2022 aviation accounted for 2% of global energy-related CO2 emissions.... read more

Recycled content is now a key metric for sustainable aluminium products

Recent announcements show how the aluminium industry is working to increase recycled content in its products. Novelis, a leader in secondary aluminium announced the new milestone of 61% recycled conte... read more

Aluminium’s carbon footprint is critical to its future in Europe

There is a concerted effort to get aluminium on the critical raw materials list of the EU, to give it better access to finance and other advantages. This measure is designed to increase the EU’s... read more

Methanol is making its mark

Methanol’s role in a low carbon economy has been downplayed in Europe and the US. But not in China where it is already an important fuel. Now Europe is catching up, at least in the shipping sect... read more

Will the UN Plastics Treaty endorse the solutions needed?

A legally binding treaty on plastic pollution moved a step closer recently as the chair of the UN’s Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee was mandated to prepare a draft agreement before the n... read more

E-fuels gain momentum

A key concession granted recently to the car industry, to retain internal combustion engines that run on CO2-neutral fuels past 3035, might just propel these fuels of the future into the fast lane. E-... read more

Logo overload? New rules for sustainability schemes and labels

The European Commission has long wanted to exert more control over independent sustainability schemes, and now, with the recent publication of the new Green Claims Directive, the extent of its ambitio... read more

Paying the price for low-carbon aluminium

As the world works to fight climate change, the big economic blocs are introducing new measures to ensure that their industries aren’t disadvantaged by the costs of decarbonisation.  The US... read more

‘Mass Balance’ should be word of the year in 2023

It has become fashionable for dictionaries to announce their most popular new word of the year. 2022 gave us ‘permacrisis’, ‘goblin mode’ and ‘gaslighting’, amongst... read more

Plant-based plastics reap a better harvest in 2022

Consumers intuitively understand that to get to net zero, we must move away from conventional plastic made from oil and gas. But bioplastics made from renewable raw materials have faced regulatory bar... read more

Food and fuel: the biofuels industry works on its image

The food versus fuel debate has polarised opinion on the benefits of biofuels and led to a cap on first generation fuels produced from crops in Europe. But the problem has always been with farming pra... read more

Packaging: recycling has been canned in favour of reuse

The packaging sector has been united in opposition to the new and unexpected focus on reuse, in a proposed revision to the EU’s Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive. The supply chain had been... read more

Low carbon aluminium smelting won’t be economic everywhere

The aluminium industry faces huge upheaval to achieve net zero by 2050. The latest analysis lays bare the sort of regional imbalances that are a foretaste of what is to come for all hard-to-abate sect... read more

Change ahead for the EU’s palm oil supply chains

Palm oil is a key raw material for the food industry with additional uses in the chemicals and biofuels sectors. When grown unsustainably it has caused tropical deforestation.  The EU’... read more

Is Europe’s new biofuels’ database a sign of things to come?

Everyone knew that the European Commission’s database for biofuels would be a massive undertaking as soon as it was announced. There had to be a crackdown after a serious fraud in the Netherland... read more

A century on, is Fischer Tropsch technology the answer to sustainable aviation fuel?

Aviation is hard to decarbonise with electric planes a long way off. In the interim, jet fuel from bio-based and recycled sources is urgently needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But which is th... read more

Rooting deforestation out of Europe’s supply chains

The EU will soon require that certain agricultural commodities imported into Europe have not caused deforestation.  The Deforestation Regulation which covers cattle, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, soya... read more

Paying the price to recycle premium packaging

Some of the highest performing packaging is the most difficult to recycle. Companies who want to continue selling it are now having to organise the recycling of their used packaging, to ensure compati... read more

ASI members will have to reduce GHG emissions; some are already doing better than others

The Aluminium Stewardship Initiative has published its new Standards for the next five years. They commit all members to reduce their GHG emissions at ASI certified sites. Whilst some companies are le... read more

Fighting ‘free-riders’ for recycled plastic

The squabble over who should have access to recycled plastic drinks bottles shifted up a gear recently with a statement from Europe’s non-alcoholic beverage industry, backed by Changing Markets... read more

Keeping unsustainable palm oil out of Europe

Unilever recently announced a successful pilot project to track sustainable palm oil from its origins, using GreenToken, a blockchain solution from SAP, the business software provider. Food companies... read more

Have consumers had their fill of refillable packaging?

Refillable packaging seemed to be taking a step forward with the announcement of a further collaboration between supermarkets in the UK and brand owners a few weeks ago. France is preparing to mandate... read more

Sustainability Schemes should get involved with the EU’s new Due Diligence Directive

People don’t want to purchase goods linked to coal burning, deforestation or child labour. But up to now, most companies with long supply chains can’t guarantee the origin of the raw mater... read more

Will Europe’s sustainable aviation fuel policy fly?

Aviation will require low carbon liquid fuel to decarbonise, as battery powered passenger aircraft will not be viable for decades. Europe, in its RefuelEU proposal, is focussing on sustainable aviatio... read more

Understanding plant-based packaging

There is a new type of packaging on the market,  which we will see much more of in the future.  In this short video I  explain how it is made and I answer the question.  Will this... read more

Are bioplastics better for the planet?

An ongoing argument about the life cycle assessment (LCA) of plant based raw materials for plastics production, illustrates how difficult it is to quantify the environmental impact of new technologies... read more

Will green aluminium come out on top as the EU levels the playing field for net zero?

The European Commission is proposing new trade measures to ensure that local industry is not disadvantaged as parts of the world act at different rates to protect the environment. The aluminium sector... read more

Four reasons for not losing hope in a fast energy transition after COP26

By Fee Kirsch The eighth in a series of articles titled 'the voice of young people', from the opinion formers of the future.   As part of the Dutch Climate Youth movement and our... read more

Is ASI’s approach to emissions reductions a COP out?

The final COP26 agreement is the first ever climate deal which explicitly commits to reducing the use of coal, the worst fossil fuel. So, it may come as a surprise that ASI (Aluminium Stewardship Init... read more

Mechanical recycling of plastic will never be the whole package

A recent announcement from Plastic Recyclers Europe, casting doubt on the new ‘Quality Recycling Process’ developed by Ceflex, has highlighted the difficulties that are emerging as industr... read more

Improving soil carbon isn’t dirt cheap

The biofuels industry is one of the first to be presented with the actual requirements behind the EU’s drive to increase soil carbon, a part of the ‘Fit for 55’ package, first publis... read more

The race to carbon neutrality

By Alice Lunardelli The seventh in a series of articles titled 'the voice of young people',  from the opinion formers of the future.   Talks on reducing carbon emissions have been aro... read more

Big brands’ thirst for recycled plastic is good news

Coca Cola UK has recently declared that they will be using recycled PET from beverage bottles to replace virgin plastic in some products. All on-the-go bottles across the entire range in Great Britain... read more

Will the gains for green aluminium be sustainable?

Rusal recently confirmed that is earning a small premium for its low-carbon primary aluminium. Other aluminium producers have made similar statements about their low carbon products. So will the diffe... read more

Hydrogen: a silver bullet for decarbonising Europe or a technology that could ‘lock-in’ fossil fuel use?

By Hazel Scurr The sixth in a series of articles titled 'the voice of young people',  from the opinion formers of the future.  On the 19th of May, the European Parliament supported the mot... read more

A ‘’Just Transition” can benefit people as well as the planet

By Finn Pierau The fifth in a series of articles titled 'the voice of young people',  from the opinion formers of the future.   On the 21st of April 2021, the EU officially adopt... read more

The people’s vote of confidence in sustainability schemes

For the first time, sustainability certification of a food commodity will be explicitly written into a trade agreement. The Swiss people recently voted in a referendum to remove tariffs on Indonesian... read more

The squabble over waste-based biofuels contains a lesson for the Circular Economy

We have to decarbonise all forms of transport to reach net zero, but what happens when there aren’t enough low carbon fuels to go round? The EU’s upcoming ReFuelEU proposal to bring in a b... read more

Sustainable aluminium: new kid on the blockchain

Both Hydro and Rio Tinto announced recently that they are launching blockchain initiatives. Hydro’s customers will be able to ‘trace the metal from the factory gates until it reaches the c... read more

A golden opportunity for green aluminium, but who is benefitting?

Green aluminium has, for the first time, received a premium over standard prices in Europe according to a number of sources. But the term ‘green aluminium’ covers different types of alumin... read more

Carbon Capture and Storage - our only hope of saving the climate?

By Madeleine Woods The fourth in a series of articles titled 'the voice of young people', from the opinion formers of the future.  On 11th January 2021 HRH The Prince of Wales announced a Susta... read more

Circular tyres and other developments in chemical recycling

2020 was an important year for technologies that break down waste plastic into small chemical building blocks ready for recycling to new plastics.  The industry ramped up its investment in these... read more

What is the role of the car in the transition to sustainable transport?

By Finn Pierau The third in a series of articles titled 'the voice of young people',  from the opinion formers of the future.   On November 19th, 2020 PM Boris Johnson announced the U... read more

To drop-in or not to drop-in, that is the bioplastics question for 2020

Companies have announced commercial developments for bioplastics in 2020 involving both bio-based versions of conventional plastics (drop-in) and new biopolymers. The year has also brought some offici... read more

Bioenergy Sustainability Schemes prepare for change

Biofuels and biomass Sustainability Schemes must be re-approved by June 2021 to show that they are in compliance with the new Renewable Energy Directive (RED II). The process is already underway and S... read more

Aluminium should be at the forefront of carbon disclosure

The push for low carbon aluminium to be traded as a separate category on the London Metals Exchange, took a new turn recently as two producers came out in opposition to the idea. This is of wider rele... read more

Do recycled carbon fuels have a future?

From the middle of 2021, when the new Renewable Energy Directive comes into force, countries in Europe will be able to count recycled carbon fuels towards their targets for renewable transport fuels.... read more

How can the biofuels and bio-based chemicals industries spread social equality?

By Zoe Greindl The second in a series of articles titled 'the voice of young people',  from the opinion formers of the future.   In July 2020, leaders of the European Commission annou... read more

Sustainable plastic doesn't need to be a taxing matter

By Naomi Williams The first in a series of articles titled 'the voice of young people',  from the opinion formers of the future.   The EU has announced a new tax targeting plastic pac... read more

Is segregation coming to sustainable palm oil?

Sustainability schemes for commodities used by food, chemicals and biofuels producers have not brought the promised reductions in deforestation of tropical countries. So companies and regulators are l... read more

Recycling aluminium should not be left to recyclers

Everyone agrees that recycling aluminium is worthwhile and necessary.  Aluminium can recycled again and again without loss of quality, which fits well with the requirements of a circular economy.... read more

How low is low carbon aluminium?

The London Metals Exchange, the world centre for industrial metals trading, said recently that they will launch a platform for trading low carbon primary aluminium made from renewable energy. This wil... read more

Sustainability schemes for aviation biofuels

The aviation industry is continuing with its efforts to become more sustainable even as it tries to adjust to a massive drop in demand caused by the pandemic. With the climate impact of flying well en... read more

Compostable packaging breaks new ground

Bioplastics have largely been written out of European Commission thinking on single use plastics and they are treated the same as conventional polymers in regulation. The waste management industry com... read more

ASI and coal-powered aluminium

The Aluminium Stewardship Initiative has announced a review of its system. A lot has changed since the launch of the sustainability scheme at the end of 2017, so now is the time to re-examine the Stan... read more

Gas to clean hydrogen technology could pay dividends

During the current lockdown, people living in the world’s big cities are seeing first hand how clean the air would be if they could all switch to non-polluting transport. Just as the diesel emis... read more

Cracking the low carbon code for chemicals

The importance of petrochemicals to healthcare services is being brought home to the public in daily news bulletins about shortages of testing reagents and hand sanitiser during the pandemic.  Pl... read more

The expert view on sustainable plastics

At last there is an official view emerging on how plastics can contribute to a low carbon or net zero economy. It has come from a group of experts who are advising the European Commission on the rules... read more

It matters where end-of-life aluminium ends up

Everyone agrees that recycling aluminium alloys is worthwhile and necessary.  Not only because it saves the huge energy expenditure necessary to produce new, primary metal, but also because alumi... read more

Bioplastics: new approaches and new certifications

The trend for sustainability certification of bioplastics picked up noticeably in 2019 and there is every indication that it will continue in 2020. And it is not just the traditional Schemes that are... read more

Has aluminium multilayer packaging passed its sell-by-date?

Single use plastic, the brands that use it and the companies that make it, all came in for a lot of criticism at the World Economic Forum.  Whether it was the outrage caused by Coca Cola saying t... read more

The Green Deal and the bioeconomy

The Green Deal, the Commission’s proposal for the measures needed to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, was recently published. European Bioplastics has endorsed the Green Deal and claimed... read more

The plastic of the future

We can’t do without plastic, but it must be produced and managed in a sustainable way.  Champions from the bioplastics and recycling industries are pushing their own solution as the best an... read more

Packaging: new solutions promote better behaviours

Consumers are demanding products with less packaging, but our habits and actions need to change to really impact on the amount of packaging used overall. The latest initiatives encourage us to invest... read more

Biofuels: when 'used' is more valuable than 'new'

Biodiesel made from used cooking oil is worth more in the market than that produced from virgin palm oil due to the structure of the European incentive scheme for sustainable biofuels. There is theref... read more

Aluminium should share climate impacts down the supply chain

The carbon intensity of aluminium traded on the LME (London Metals Exchange) should be disclosed as part of the fight against climate change according to EN+, owner of Rusal. The production of alumini... read more

Plastics recycling is not the holy grail

Chemical recycling of waste plastic has been the subject of two recent announcements. Dow is partnering with Fuenix to produce chemically recycled plastic in the Netherlands. Zerowaste Europe has said... read more

How to stop imported deforestation

Even before the terrible fires in the Amazon pushed deforestation into the news, Europe was already evaluating how it could act to preserve the world’s primary forests. The importation of palm o... read more

First off the bloc to display the ASI logo

Public awareness of sustainability schemes is key to their success and the ASI (Aluminium Stewardship Initiative) is no exception. SIG Combibloc, a leading provider of multilayer aseptic packaging con... read more

Palm oil; the kernel of the dispute

Palm oil is causing a disagreement between the EU and producer countries in SE Asia. The European Commission has developed a scientifically based approach to limit palm oil in biofuels to that which d... read more

Home composting of packaging is bananas

Supermarkets and consumer brands are looking for new packaging ideas as we all worry about the fate of the plastic that protects our food. Waitrose, a UK supermarket, recently announced the introducti... read more

The winner takes it Al

The first company to produce and sell sustainably certified primary aluminium, Rio Tinto, has just won  ‘Metals Company of the Year’  in S&P Global Platts’, Global Meta... read more

Sustainability is coming into fashion for bioplastics and fibres

Europe is increasingly focusing on the sustainability of the biomass going into renewable materials and how these products can be recycled. This is particularly evident for single use items and it is... read more

The new standard for recycled plastic

The chemical recycling technology from PureCycle and P&G has recently received a vote of confidence, as Nestlé becomes a partner for the commercialisation of their recycled polypropylene. T... read more

Aluminium cans hit the right note

Glastonbury music festival in the UK announced recently that the sale of drinks in plastic bottles will be banned this year. They are to be replaced by cans. This decision was taken at the request of... read more

Certification of low ILUC-risk palm oil

As the European Commission prepares to set criteria to define both high and low ILUC (indirect land-use change) risk biofuels by the end of the month, the debate on palm oil as a driver of deforestati... read more

The Guardian newspaper changes to biodegradable packaging

Potato fries* used to be wrapped in newspaper; now the Guardian is doing the opposite and wrapping its newspaper in a material made from potatoes. It is responding to customers who are concerned about... read more

Really George, it's ASI certified coffee capsules

The very first sustainably certified aluminium products will soon be on the market. Nespresso and Rio Tinto, are collaborating to provide a complete supply chain for coffee capsules made from aluminiu... read more

The best packaging materials for the circular economy

Single use packaging and how to recycle it has been in the news since the beginning of 2018, when China stopped accepting much of our waste. Recently the media have been dominated by images of marine... read more

Soft cap, low ILUC risk, recycled carbon: the new biofuel buzzwords

The need to decarbonise transport after the recent dire warning from the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change on the acceleration of climate change, has provided a new impetus to the discussio... read more

The price of plastic

During the heat wave, as we picnicked on the beach, eating with disposable plastic cutlery and drinking from plastic bottles, the discussion about increasing our appetite for recycling plastic continu... read more

Transport fuel from municipal waste moves into the fast lane

Recent announcements show how industry is gearing up to turn our waste into liquid fuel. We know that an economically attractive use must be found for waste that is not currently recycled, to prevent... read more

Chain of Custody certification is 25 years old

If a performance standard is at the heart of a sustainability scheme then the chain of custody standard is the circulatory system which brings the sustainable supply chain to life. Twenty-five years a... read more

Marine litter proposals: the takeaway

In Europe we leave too many of our plastic food containers, drinks bottles and straws on the beach. They pollute the sea, break down into damaging micro-plastics and harm marine life. The EU has acted... read more

The price of everything and the value of nothing*: Is it cynical to attack sustainability schemes?

Leading commodity sustainability schemes have come under attack recently from NGOs. They risk playing into the hands of those who want goods to be traded solely on the basis of price, with no value gi... read more

Deforestation: seeing the wood for the trees

Protecting the world’s forests is back under the spotlight again. Greenpeace has announced that they will be dropping their membership of FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), which is bad news for... read more

Five years of environmental progress for European primary aluminium

The European Aluminium Association has published its five yearly assessment of the environmental performance of the aluminium industry. The progress made in Europe is not matched by imported aluminium... read more

Biofuels Sustainability Schemes update

After eight years of sustainability certification, ISCC, the market leading EU approved Voluntary Scheme, dominates certification of biofuels refineries, traders, and storage. ISCC has not recognised... read more

Going Dutch on waste

It is ironic that a week after Europe’s first commercial scale municipal waste to chemicals and biofuels plant was announced, the EU decides on ambitious targets to recycle waste plastics, texti... read more

EU Plastics Strategy unwrapped

It is exactly sixty years since the toy hula-hoop, the first mass market application for modern polyethylene, helped to ignite the demand for plastics made from oil. It was affordable, accessible and... read more

Melanie Williams announced as ASI Registered Specialist

The Aluminium Stewardship Initiative (ASI) has published a list of Registered Specialists to coincide with the launch of its certification scheme for sustainable aluminium production. ASI indicates, &... read more

Sustainable aluminium finishes 2017 on a high

A fourth primary aluminium producer announced low carbon products at the end of 2017. Norsk Hydro launched Hydro 4.0 primary aluminium with guaranteed maximum carbon emissions of 4.0kg CO2 per kg of a... read more

Circular Economy: a Christmas present for bioplastics or a bit of a turkey?

2017 has been the year when the momentum for measures to make plastic production more circular seems unstoppable. The UN recently passed a resolution to stop plastic waste entering the oceans and Euro... read more

Sustainability Schemes should work together

The RTRS  (Roundtable on Responsible Soy) EU sustainability scheme for soy oil derived biofuels has been re-approved, which is good news. However there was a period of over a year when the approv... read more

Recycled plastic: a fairy tale that needs to come true

Once upon a time plastic was a miracle packaging material; strong, light, cheap and with good barrier properties. Last month, as more photos of waste plastic polluting the ocean were circulating on so... read more

A better future for biofuels without palm oil?

Palm oil’s days as a source of biodiesel in Europe appear to be numbered. The ENVI committee of the European Parliament voted recently to ban palm oil for biodiesel from 2021. Political opinion... read more

Natural cosmetics come in sweet packages

Bioplastics received another boost recently as Buhbli Organics chose Braskem plastic, made from sugarcane, as the package for its Himalayan Bath Salts. The product will be available in over a 1000 Wal... read more

Will aviation biofuel take-off in the UK?

The UK government recently published its new biofuels policy. Four days later British Airways announced a partnership with Velocys to produce aviation biofuel from household waste in the UK.  The... read more

Low carbon aluminium gets motoring

The recent declarations on the end of new petrol and diesel cars from the French and the UK governments heralds the era of the electric car. The date has been set for 2040, which means that carmaker... read more

Sustainability schemes: better safe than sorry

The recognition of some Voluntary Sustainability Schemes for verifying compliance of biofuels with the Renewable Energy Directive is due to expire this summer. The lesson from the Schemes which were i... read more

Decarbonising liquid fuels and chemicals

In its Statistical Review of World Energy, published recently, BP describes how almost 40% of the growth in global power generation in 2016 has come from renewables. Denmark leads, with 59% of power c... read more

Sustainable aluminium: What else?

This Aluminium Stewardship Initiative (ASI) has now started to pilot its assurance platform ahead of launching the certification scheme. The founder members of ASI first set out their aspirations in... read more

Banking on deforestation-free palm oil

The Bank of England’s dilemma about the feedstock for the oleochemical used in the production of its new £5 plastic notes highlights a paradox implicit in the circular economy ideal. Waste... read more

Biomethanol v bioethanol for 2nd generation biofuels

“The person who says something is impossible should not interrupt the person who is doing it” A recently published study on growing methanol use in China highlights the truth of this Chin... read more

Biofuels post 2020 - latest views from the coalface

The annual ISCC meeting in Brussels is turning into a go-to event for players in the bioeconomy. This year the theme was ‘Implementation of the Paris COP 21 Agreement – Decarbonization and... read more

Waste packaging –a sea change for bioplastic?

The European Union and public opinion are set to change radically the plastics industry, by requiring waste plastic collection and recycling.  But will this be good or bad for the emerging biopla... read more

Aluminium: recycled, recyclable, renewable, sustainable

The past two years has seen a flurry of announcements of new brands associated with different types of recycled and ‘renewable’ primary aluminium. Added to this, the ASI (Aluminium Steward... read more

Should the ASI allow a market credits system?

The Aluminium Stewardship Initiative will launch a sustainability scheme in 2017. The aim is to get sustainable aluminium into the market place as soon as possible after this.  A market credits s... read more

Biobased% - a new certification for bioplastics

The total bio-based content of bioplastics and other renewable materials can now be certified, providing a key differentiator in the market. The new certification encompasses all the elements derived... read more

Renewable Energy Directive post 2020: will it help advanced biofuels?

The proposed new RED continues the re-orientation of biofuels strategy towards advanced biofuels made from waste and away from crop derived biofuels. But how much will the new RED, as currently worded... read more

Sustainable Aluminium moves closer to the market

The ASI (Aluminium Stewardship Initiative) has just published its most practical  Chain of Custody Standard yet. Aluminium has an excellent future in the Circular Economy, as it is infinitely re... read more

EU Biofuels Sustainability Schemes expire

Recognition of the first seven Voluntary Sustainability Schemes for verifying compliance with the Renewable Energy Directive had to be renewed by the 9th August this year to avoid expiry. Three of th... read more

Who will make drop-in bioplastics in Europe?

Neste and IKEA recently announced a partnership to ‘deliver renewable, bio-based plastics’, which must be taken very seriously, as they are world leaders in biofuels and consumer goods res... read more

Which are the most sustainable biofuels?

Advanced biofuels are in the news as the EU considers the role of biofuels in transport post 2020. The Commission recently published ‘A European Strategy for Low-Emission Mobility’ 1, whic... read more

Tracing aluminium through the supply chain

A number of companies sourcing commodities, including aluminium, are implementing sustainable purchasing practices, partially as a response to customers and international brands who want to be su... read more

Biofuels Sustainability Schemes: reassessment time

Sustainability Schemes were first approved five years ago and they are now being reassessed for the next five years. What will happen to sustainability certification into the future? In August 2011,... read more

Building recognition for sustainable aluminium

Some producers are making big efforts to reduce the environmental impact and carbon footprint of their primary aluminium. The lightweighting and infinite recyclability of aluminium, which are key to i... read more

Putting in the energy to recycle carbon dioxide

It’s holiday time. Exactly twenty-seven years ago, colleagues and I filed a patent , covering the production of formic acid from carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Formic acid is principally used as a... read more

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